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O www.Ideotopos.gr ���?‚ ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �������?ƒï¿½?‚ ���?Žï¿½, ����� �?„����?‚ �� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒï¿½?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ������� ?€ï¿½?… �� ��?„���?ƒï¿½?„�. ?— ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?ƒ?„?Œ?„�?€ï¿½?… ?†?ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ��� ?„�� �?…?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œï¿½ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„� ������� ���� ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ? ?„?‰ï¿½ �����?„?Žï¿½. �� ������� ��� �� �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��?��?…� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„�??‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ��?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…� ��� ��� ��?„������?ï¿½ ��?„' ������ ��� �?…?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚.

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  • ?‘??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���?€?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚
  • Jose Ortega y Gasset
  • ?•����� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?‚

?‘??‘��?—�?•?™ï¿½ ��?— ?˜?•?œ?‘�?™?š?— ?•??Œï¿½?—�?‘ �?™?›?Ÿï¿½?Ÿï¿½?™?‘
Jose Ortega y Gasset (��?ï¿½?‚ 2�)


?‘?€?Œ ?„�� ?“�?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?… !




3� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½: (ratio-vitalism) �?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚, �?‰?„��?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚, ������ �?‰?„��?Œ?„�?„�, �����?Œ?‚ ��?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ �?‰?„��?Œ?‚, �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, 1924-1955.

?— �?‰? ����� � ������?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� �� ?„�� ������ ?Œ?„� �?€ï¿½?„���� ?„� ������� ��� ?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ����?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚.

?Ÿ ��?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ��� ������?‚ �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…��. ?œï¿½ï¿½ ������?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?„�?„���?„�� ?ƒ?„�� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ (���� ��� ?ƒ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ(10)). ?Ÿ ����??Œ?‚ ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ����� �?ï¿½ï¿½?„?Œ?‚. ?‘?…?„?Œ ��� ������ ?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ���� �����??‚. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, �?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?…�� ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ������?„���, �?…?„� ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?…�����?…� ?„�� ?ƒ?…��?‡?Ž?‚ ��?„�����?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?ï¿½ï¿½? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚. ?Œ?„�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ?„� �?‰? ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� �� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?Œ?ï¿½?…?‚. ?— �?‰? � ���� ����� ��� ����?‚ �����??‚ (?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?…) (11).

?— �?‰?, ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ��� ���?„�?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �� ����?‚. �� �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€?Œ ?„� ?†?‰?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?Žï¿½. ?Ÿ ?Ÿ??„���� �����?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ?ˆï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��� ?„�� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?„� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?™ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…. �� ���? ?„�?…, ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ?„�� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½?. ?œï¿½ �?…?„? ?„�� ������ ���� � ?Ÿ??„���� ?Œ?„� � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���� ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�??‰. ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��?„��? ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½ (?€ï¿½?… ����� ��?„� ?€ï¿½?… �?‡ï¿½?…�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?†?„����� ��� ���?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½) ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½?‰ï¿½ (?€ï¿½?… �?‡ï¿½?…�� �?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?ï¿½?„�). ?œï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ����� ���� ? ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ������� �� ?„� ??Œï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ??€ï¿½?ï¿½? ��?‚. ?•���� � ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ��?„��? ?„�?… �� �?‡ï¿½?…�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„�� ��?„� ��� ?„�?… �� ?„� �?‡ï¿½?…�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ��������. ?š?…?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½ ��?‚ ���� ��?‚ �?…?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚. ?šï¿½ï¿½ �� �?…?„� ?„� �?ï¿½ ��?‚ ����?…� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚, ��?‚ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?…�. ?•���� � �?ƒ?„����?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?ƒ?„� �?‰? ��?‚. �?‚ �� ?„�??„�?… ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� �� ���?„�?…?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�� �?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…?„���?„�� �� ?„� �?‰?: "?„� �� ���?‚ ����� �� ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���� ���?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?€?Œ ?„� �� ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?Žï¿½". �� �� ��?„���������?‚ ��?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ��?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ?ƒï¿½?… ?ƒï¿½ �������, �����?, �� ?„� �?‰? ?ƒï¿½?… ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ���?€?„??ƒ?ƒï¿½?„��, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„� ���?‚. ?€™?ï¿½ � �?‰? ����� ?„� ���� ?„� ?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?„��?Œï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚. ?— ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ������ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚. ?œ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„�� � �?‰? � ���� ���?„�?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?„�����?…�� ?„� ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

?— �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ���?€?Œï¿½ ����� � ������?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?…��?�� ?„�?‚ ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ??€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?— ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?‰? �������� �?€?Œ ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �?€?Œ ?„� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?Œ?„�� �?…?„�?‚ �� ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��, ?„�?‚ ��?„�����?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����?‚. ?Ÿ ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ����� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ��. ?Ÿ �?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚. ?Ÿ ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?†??ƒï¿½. ?ˆ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½.(12) ?— ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?‰?, ?‰?‚ �� ?„�??„�?…, ��� ����� �??„� ?ƒ?Žï¿½ï¿½ �??„� ��?…?‚, ��� ����� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� ����� ��, ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„���?? ���?Œ?„�?„�, ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?†??ƒï¿½. ?— �?‰? ��?‚ ?ƒ?…�������. ?•���� ��� ?ƒ?…����, ����� ��� �� ?€ï¿½?… ?†?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ��?…?„?Œ ?„�?…, ����� ��� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(13) . �?ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…�� �� ��?‰?ï¿½?„�������?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� �?‰? �� ??„�� ?ƒï¿½?†?Œ?„�?ï¿½ �� �?Ž?ƒï¿½?…�� ��� ����?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��� ?„� �?‰?. ?— ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����� �?€?Œ??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†??‚ ��?‚.

?‘�?„���?„?‰?€ï¿½?‚ �� ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚, � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ?…?€ï¿½?‡?ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� �??ƒï¿½ï¿½, �� ?†?„����� ?„� �?‰? ?„�?… ��� �� �?…��?„?Œï¿½ �� �?…���?„��?Œ?„�?„�. ?Ÿï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚, ���� � ?Ÿ??„����, ��� ����� ?ƒ?…�������?‚, ����� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���?‚. ?”�� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½, ���?€?Œï¿½, �� ����?…�� ?Œ,?„� �� '���, ?Œ,?„� ��?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �� �?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?„�. �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Œ; �������� �� �����?…��?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���?‰?„��?Œ ��?‚ ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� �?…?„?Œ �??‡ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?…���?„���??‚ �����??‚ ���?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?Ÿï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �?€?Œ ?„� �?…���?„��?Œ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �??…����� ��?‚ ��?Ž. �� ���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?‰?ƒï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�� ?„� �� ����?…�� �� ?„� �?‰? ��?‚ ��� ?€?‰?‚ �� ����?ƒ?„�. ?‘� ��� ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½?…�� �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ��?‚, ����?ƒ?„� ��?„�����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����?ƒ?„� ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½. ?•���� ��?���� ?Œ?„� � ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚ ��������� �� ����?…�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚(14) . ?•���� �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ��?���� ?Œ?„� ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ ��?‚ ?‡?„���� ��?„� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ?„� ?€ï¿½??Œï¿½ ��?‚. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ �� ?„�����?‚ �?€ï¿½?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ��� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?…?€?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½. �� ���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„� ?€??‰?„�??‡ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?‰??‚ ����� ����?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ��������?Œ. ?šï¿½?„��������?…��, ���?€?Œï¿½, ?„� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ?Œ?„�� ?„� �����?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�. ?”�?Œ?„�, ?Œ,?„� ���� (��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ��?Ž, �?…?„?Œ, ��?Ž, ?„?Ž?ï¿½) ��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„� ���� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���� � ������ ?„�?…?‚ ���??„�?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��� � ��?��?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??€?„�� ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��� ?„�� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½. ?“�' �?…?„?Œ ����� � ?Ÿ??„���� ?Œ?„� � �?‰? ����� ��� "�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½". ?”?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ������ ?„�?‚ �?…�����??‚, ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?‡ï¿½??‚ ����?ƒï¿½?‚.

�?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?„���??ƒï¿½?…�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����� �?…?„�?‚ �� ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��� �� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½?…�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�?‚ ������?…��. ?š?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ �� ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½, ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �� ����?ƒï¿½?…� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��??ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?‰ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…?‚. ?“�� �� ������?…�� ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�� ��� ?†?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„�� ?ƒ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��� �� ����� �?…?„?Œ ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ���?ï¿½?…�??ƒï¿½?…�� ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��??ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚. ?œ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„?Œ?„� �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…�� �� ����?‡?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ���?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� ?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?€?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������?…�� ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?„� ?€?Œ?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������?…�� ?ƒ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. ?œï¿½ �?…?„?� ?„�� ������, � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ��� ����� ��?„� ?€ï¿½?… ������??€?„�?…��. ?•���� ��?„� �� ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ��?„���?„?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½. ?”�� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?„� ��?„��?Ž?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…�?����?‚ ��?‚ �?„?ƒï¿½ ?Ž?ƒ?„� �� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„��?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�� ���?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ��� ��� ��� ������. ?Ÿ??„� �����?‰?‚ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ��?‰?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚. �� ������ ?€ï¿½?… ?†ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� �� ?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�. ?€™?ï¿½ � �?‰? ����� ��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„� ������!

?— ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?Ÿ??„���� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����� �� ?„� �?‰?. ?”�� ?„�� �����?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½. ?•����?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ��� ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?‰?.

?Ÿ ?Ÿ??„���� ��?‚ �?…����� ?Œ?„� �?‡ï¿½?…�� ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������?…�� ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?„���?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„�?„��� �?€?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„� �����?Œ?‚ ?Œ?„� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ������ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� �� �?€ï¿½?„??‡ï¿½?…��. �?„�� ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?œï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ��?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � �����?ï¿½?„�� ��?…������ ���� ?„�?‚ ?„�� ?„?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ?„� �� ���?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ��?…� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����� ����� �� ���?‚ ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ? ����?Œ �?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?‘� ��� ������?ï¿½ï¿½ �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?‰? ��?‚, ��?„' �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?ï¿½ï¿½. ?“�' �?…?„?Œ ��� � ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?Ÿ??„���� ����� �?‰?„��?Œ?‚: �?ï¿½?„� ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ?„�?‚ ����?‚.

�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.
?•��?…��?ï¿½ï¿½, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, �?…���?„��?Œ?„�?„�, ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½, � �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚, ?ƒ?…��?��?‚, being-that-lives-in-the-world (vs. being-in-the-world / Dasein, �����?, ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ��-?„?‰-�?Œ?ƒï¿½?‰-����� ���� ?„�-�����-?€ï¿½?…-���-��- ?„?‰-�?Œ?ƒï¿½?‰).

?š?ï¿½?„��?
�� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ����� � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�; �?Ž?‚ ����� �?…��?„?Œï¿½ � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ �� ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?†??ƒï¿½; ���� ����� �?…?„?Œ ?„� ��?Ž ?€ï¿½?… ����� ?„�� ��?��?ƒï¿½ ��� ����� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½; �� ����� �?…?„?Œ ?„� �?…���?„��?Œ ��?Ž;
?”�� ����� �?ï¿½ï¿½?„� ������?ï¿½ ?„� ����� � �?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚. ?Ÿ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?… ��� ?„�� ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?‡?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?‚ ����� �?ƒï¿½?†??‚.

?š??ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½ï¿½:
1914 ? ? ? ?Meditaciones del Quijote (Meditations on Quixote)
1921 ? ? ? ?El tema de nuestro tiempo (The theme of our time) (�� ���� ?„�?… ���?ï¿½? ��?‚)
1925 ? ? ? ?La deshumanizacion del arte e ideas sobre la novela (The dehumanization of art and ideas on the novel)
1930 ? ? ? ?La rebelion de las masas (The revolt of the masses) (?— �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½)
1935 ? ? ? ?Historia como sistema (History as a system)
1941 ? ? ? ?Historia de la filosofia (History of philosophy)
1957 ? ? ? ?Que es filosofia? (What is philosophy?)


?’������?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½

?‘�����?
- ? ? ? ?Ferrater Mora, Jos?. Three Spanish Philosophers: Unamuno, Ortega, Ferrater Mora. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2003.
- ? ? ? ?Holmes, Oliver. Jos? Ortega y Gasset. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gasset/
- ? ? ? ?Mari?s, Juli?n. History of Philosophy. New York, Dover, 1967.
- ? ? ? ?New World Encyclopedia. Neo-Kantianism. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Neo-Kantianism. Accessed 18.3.12.
- ? ? ? ?Ortega y Gasset, Jos?. The Revolt of the Masses. New York: W. W. Norton, 1964.
?•������?
- ? ? ? ?Ortega y Gasset, Jos?. ?— ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒ?„�� ?ˆ??‰?„�.? 2� ���. ?‘�?��: ���?‚, 2008.
- ? ? ? ?________ . ?”��?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?‚ ?•?…??Ž?€ï¿½?‚. ?‘�?��: ?•?…�?ï¿½ï¿½, 2000.
- ? ? ? ?________ . �� ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?šï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½? ��?‚. ?‘�?��: ?Ÿï¿½ ?•��?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?‰ï¿½, 1971.


�����?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚:
10. ?Ÿ ?Ÿ??„���� ����� ����?„� ��?„���?„�?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ [� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����� �) ��� ?ƒ??ƒ?„��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ����� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ��?Œ?ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?„� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?„� ��?ƒ?„��?„�, ?„� ?ƒ?…���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ? ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„� ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚/�����?‚ �?…�����?‚ ��� �) ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ������ ������ ?€ï¿½?… �����?…?ï¿½?���� ?‰?‚ ��?„��?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ��?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ ?„?‰ï¿½ �??‡?Žï¿½ ?„�?… 20�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½]. ?Ÿ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ (� �����? ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„���) ����� � �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½, �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„??ƒï¿½?…�� ��?‰?ï¿½?„��? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½. ?‘�?„�?„���?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ, �� ?„�� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ������ (��. footnote 4).
11. ?Œ?‡ï¿½ "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„���� �?ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½??‡?‰) ���� "cogito quia vivo" (I think because I live, ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„���� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?‰).
12. Man has no nature, he has history.
13. �� �??Ž?„��� ��� ����� ?„� ����� ���� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����.
14.?? ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ��� ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �?„?ƒï¿½ ��� ��� ?ƒï¿½ ��� ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½. ?šï¿½ï¿½ �� �?ï¿½ �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �� �??ƒï¿½?…��. ?Ÿï¿½ ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ��?ƒ? ?ƒ?…���?Žï¿½, ����?‰ï¿½, ���?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½. ?œï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �?…?„?Œ ����� ?‡???ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?”�� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?…?„���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½, ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„� ����?…�� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚. ?œï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ � ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚. ?•�?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��?„��? ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…�??€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (co-living - co-existencia, covivencia), ?„�?… ���?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?… �� ���?‚ (?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?ƒ?ï¿½?„?ï¿½?†ï¿½, ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚, ���??Ž?€ï¿½?…?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ���?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?‡ï¿½?…�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½), ��� ?„�?… ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ���?….



! ! ?— ?“�?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?… ����� ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…��?‚ ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?…����?‚.