www.Ideotopos.gr


O www.Ideotopos.gr ���?‚ ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �������?ƒï¿½?‚ ���?Žï¿½, ����� �?„����?‚ �� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒï¿½?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ������� ?€ï¿½?… �� ��?„���?ƒï¿½?„�. ?— ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?ƒ?„?Œ?„�?€ï¿½?… ?†?ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ��� ?„�� �?…?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œï¿½ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„� ������� ���� ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ? ?„?‰ï¿½ �����?„?Žï¿½. �� ������� ��� �� �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��?��?…� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„�??‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ��?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…� ��� ��� ��?„������?ï¿½ ��?„' ������ ��� �?…?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚.

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Jose Ortega y Gasset


?‘?€?Œ ?„�� ?“�?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?… !


?’���?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ
?“���?���� ?ƒ?„� ?œï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„� ?„�?‚ ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‚ 9 ?œï¿½?ï¿½?… 1883. ?“�?Œ?‚ ?„�?… Jose Ortega Munilla ��� ?„�?‚ Dolores Gasset Chinchilla. ?“?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚, �����?ï¿½?„��??‚ ��� bourgeois ����������?‚.
�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?€??Ž?„� ?ƒ?„� ����?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� ?„�?‚ ?œï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?‚ �?€?Œ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��� ?€??ï¿½ ?„� �����?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?„�?… ?ƒ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1904.
?œï¿½?„�, ?„� 1905, ?€?�� ?ƒ?„� ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� (Leipzig, ?’�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, Marburg, ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��� ?ƒ?„� ?„���?…?„��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� �?€?Œ ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… Emmanuel Kant. �?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?ƒ?„� ����?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� ?„�?… ?’�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ��?‡ï¿½ ������?„?, �����?ƒï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ����?…?‚, ?„��? Wilhelm Dilthey(1) , ��� ?ƒ?„� Marburg (���� ������ �?ï¿½?Œ?„�?ï¿½, ?„� 1923 � Heidegger), ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½?‡? ?„�?… ??„�� ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� ?ƒ?„� ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?€ï¿½?…��?‚, ??„�� ����?„??‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ï¿½ï¿½-?šï¿½ï¿½?„���?Žï¿½ Hermann Cohen ��� Paul Natorp(2) .

�� 1908 �??ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��� ����� ?€??Ž?„� ������?„??‚ ����??‚, �����??‚ ��� ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„� "La Escuela Superior del Magisterio de Madrid" ��� ?„� 1910 ����� ������?„??‚ ��?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� ?„�?‚ ?œï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?‚ ��?‡?ï¿½ ?„� 1936. �� 1910 ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½??„��� ?„�� �??ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„���� ?„�?… Rosa Spottorno Topete? ��� ���� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½ 3 ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?”�� ������ ?„� ?ˆ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ��� �?€?Œ ?„� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†? ������?‰ï¿½ ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†? ������?‰ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ �����??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?�� �?€?Œ ?„� 1902. ?ˆ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ï¿½ ��� �������. ?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ �?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½?���� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��? ?ƒ?„�?‚ �����?„��?‚ ?„�?… 20 ��� ?„�?… 30 ���� �?…?„? � ���?ƒ?‡?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ����?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ?„��� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?•�?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� 1936.

?‘?€?Œ ?„� 1936 ��� ��?„� ���?ƒï¿½ (�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?…����?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��� ��� �?…?„���?Œ?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?‚ ��?„' �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?„� ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„� �����?ï¿½?„��) ?ƒ?„� ?“�����, ?Ÿï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?‘?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?, ��??„������ ��� ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡?ï¿½ ?„� 1945. �� 1936 ������?ƒï¿½ �� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��?„� ?ƒ?„� ?‡ï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?…. ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?œï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„� ?„� 1945 ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��??…?ƒï¿½ ?„� ?™ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„�??„� ?‘��??‰?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½ �?€ï¿½?…�?Žï¿½ (?„� 1948). �?Œ?ƒï¿½ � ����?‚ ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?„� ?™ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„�??„� ?„�?… ??„�� ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?„?Œ?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ���?„�?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. �?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ��� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ��?‡?ï¿½ ?„� ?„���?‚ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ?„�?….? ��� ?‘?ï¿½ï¿½?…?ƒ?„� ?„�?… 1951 ?€?�� ?ƒ?„� ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� ?ƒ?…���?„�?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?…���?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�� Heidegger. ?— ���?? �?…?„? ?ƒ?…���?„�?ƒ? ?„�?…?‚ ��?„��?ï¿½?†?„��� ?‰?‚ �?…?‡ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„� ���, �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ �� ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚, �?†ï¿½? ��� ��� ������ ?„� ����� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…?‚. �� ������ ?„� ?ƒ?…���?ï¿½ï¿½ (?„�?… �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ?„� ���� ??„��: "?Ÿ ?€™ï¿½ï¿½??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„� ?”��?ƒ?„���"? ����� ��� ?„���?„��?Œ �����?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?€?Œ ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��� ?„�?… Marburg.
������ ?ƒ?„�?‚ 18 ?Ÿï¿½?„?‰ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?… 1955 ?ƒï¿½ ������ 72 �?„?Žï¿½ �?€?Œ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?„���?‡ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?ƒ?…�?Ž?„�.

?Ÿ ?Ÿ??„���� ??„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…�?ï¿½?†?Œ?„�?„�?‚. ?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, ��?‡ï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…?„� �??ï¿½?‚ �����?†ï¿½??Œï¿½?„?‰ï¿½. ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����?„�?‚, ����?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?ï¿½?„��?, ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��� ������� ��� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ?„�?€ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ��� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����?„�?‚. ?œï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?€?„� ?„�?… ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ��?„���?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½: ��� ??„�� ��� ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ ���� ??„�� � ?€??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?Œ?‚ ������?… ?€ï¿½?… ��� �?ï¿½?†?„��� ?€ï¿½?„�! ?šï¿½?„� ?„�� ���� ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ ����� �??ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?„���?ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ? �� ?ƒ?…?ƒ?„���?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚ ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…. ?‘� ����?…�� �� ?„�� ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…�� ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ (� ���� � ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?‚ ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½) �� �?†??ƒï¿½?…�� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?‰ ?„�?‚ ?„?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?ï¿½ï¿½?‚.

����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½
?•?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� �?€?Œ Descartes, Kant, Husserl, Heidegger, Bergson ��� Dilthey.
?•?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?›ï¿½?„����? ?‘��?ï¿½ï¿½?: Luis Bu?uel, Xavier Zubiri, Jose Gaos, Ignacio Ellacuria, Maria Zambrano. ?Ÿ ����?‚ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…� ?Œ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„�� Heidegger.
�?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?….

1� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½: ��?„��������?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ (objectivism), 1902-1913.
?— ?€??Ž?„� �������?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ����?„�?„�?‚ ?„�?… � ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ��?„��������?ƒï¿½ï¿½?.

�� �?…?„? ?„� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ����?‰?ƒï¿½ ������ ������. ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ����?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � El Imparcial ��� � El Sol. ?œï¿½?ƒ?‰ �?…?„?Žï¿½ �?ï¿½??‰ï¿½, � ?Ÿ??„����, ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ �� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ��?ƒï¿½ ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ?„�� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½. �.?‡. ��?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ �?ï¿½??‰ï¿½ �� �����?Œ ����: "�� ����� ��?Ž?ƒï¿½;".
?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ��?„?Œ?‚ �?€?Œ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ??„�� ��� ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?‰?‚ ?„�?„���?‚, �����??ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� �����??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„?…�, �?€?Œ ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?ƒ?‰?‚ �� �����?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?ï¿½?„���??‚), ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ��?‰?ƒï¿½ ��� ?Žï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ����?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†? ?ƒ?„�� ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ��??…�� �?€?Œ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?‰ ?„�?… ?„�?…?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?„�?… ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚. �� �?…?„? ?„� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?„�?… ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚ ��� ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ���?€?„?…�� ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ, ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?„� ��� ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€?ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ���� ?„�?‚ ��?„���������?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ��� ��?„' �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… "��?„��������?ƒï¿½ï¿½?". ?ˆ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?Œ?€?‰?‚: "�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?ƒ?Œ?„�?ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‡? ?ƒ?„�?…?‚ ���??Ž?€ï¿½?…?‚ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ���� ?ƒ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ��� ?ƒ?„�?‚ ����?‚" ?, ��� �?…?„?Œ ����� ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„??‚ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?…, ��?„�??ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?„�?… �� "��?†ï¿½??„?‰ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�� �??…?†? ��?€?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚". ?ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?ƒï¿½?…�� ?Œ?„� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„� � ����?‚ ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„??ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?…?„? ?„�?… ?„� ?†?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ "����?? ���?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"!!

?— ��?„��� �?…?„? ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?��?ƒï¿½. ?•����� ?„�� �?€ï¿½?‡? ?…?€???‡ï¿½ ��� �����?‡ï¿½ ��?„��? ?„�?‚ ���?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ?•?…??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ??‚ ?„�?‚. ?Ÿï¿½ hispanizantes ?����� �� �?ï¿½?„??ƒï¿½?…� ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ��?„�?„����?„� ?ƒï¿½ ���� ����� ��� ����?‚ ����?‚. ?Ÿï¿½ europeizantes ?����� �� ��?€ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„�� � ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?…?„?Œ ?€ï¿½?…, ��?ï¿½?ƒ?„?‰?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ "?•?…??‰?€ï¿½?Šï¿½?Œ ����?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ". ?Ÿ ?Ÿ??„���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ���?‚ europeizante. ?Œ?‡ï¿½ �� ?„�� ������ ?„�?… �� �?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½???‰?‚ � ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ���� (�?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ������� ������ ?„�� �?€ï¿½?‡?) ?€??Œ?„?…?€ï¿½ �??„� ?Œ?„� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…� ?Œ?„� � �?…??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„� ��??„?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �?€' ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?„� �����. ?Š?ƒï¿½-�?ƒï¿½, ��� ?���� �� ����� � ?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?…?„?Žï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?‡?‰??Žï¿½. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…� ?Œ?„� �� ?…?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?…??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?‡ï¿½?…� ?€?ï¿½?‡?‰???ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��, ?„�� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ ��� ?„�� ��?…�?„�??ï¿½ ��� �?…?„?Œ ��?Œ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„� ?€ï¿½?… �� �?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?„�� �?€ï¿½?‡? ?„�?… ?Ÿ??„���� ?„�?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„��, ��� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½: ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½. ?šï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„���� � ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½, ��� �?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ � ������?„��? ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½, ??„�� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?„� � ����?„� ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚, � ����?„� ?„?‰ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½. ?œï¿½ �?…?ƒ?„�??Œ?„�?„� ��� ��?„���������?Œ?„�?„�. ?œï¿½ �����?. ?— ������?„��? ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�??ƒï¿½ ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?ƒï¿½?†?���� ��� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„? ?„�� �?…?ƒ?„�??, �?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½, ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚ ?„�?…, ��� �?€ï¿½?ˆï¿½ �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� �� ����?‚ ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½?„���?‚ ��� �� ����� ��� ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����� �?€ï¿½?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� �?‰?. ?”�?Œ?„� �� ���, �� ����?‚ ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?„� �?‰?, � �?‰? �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ����?‚. ?— �?‰? ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€' ?Œï¿½ï¿½. �?‚ �� ?„�??„�?… ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� ����?„����?ˆï¿½?…�� ?„�� (?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ) ������?ƒï¿½?Œ(3) ��� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„??‰ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½ �?€?„�?„�� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚. ?šï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„? � ��?„�?„?Œ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ(4) ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?‰?„��?Œ (? �?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ), �����? �?€?Œ ?„�� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� �?ï¿½?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �?‰?, ����� ��� � ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„��? ?„�?‚ ?€??Ž?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ ��??„�?ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ ���?ƒ?‰?‚ ?„?Ž?ï¿½.

?ï¿½ ?„���?ƒï¿½?…�� ?Œ?„� ?Œ,?„� ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„? ?„�� ?€??Ž?„� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ?„� ����-?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?„�!

2� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½: ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ (?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€?„��? ���?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½) (perspectivism), 1914-1923.
?‰?„�� ?„� �������?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„���� ��� ?„�� ?„?ï¿½?„� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½.
�� �?…?„?Œ ?„� ?ƒ?„���� ��?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ ������ Meditations on Quixote (�?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ?ƒ?„�� ?šï¿½?‡?Ž?„�) ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ���� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?ƒ?„��? ?„�?… ?†?ï¿½?ƒï¿½: "I am myself and my circumstances"-? "?•�?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��?…", �� ?ƒ?…��?…?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?…, �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?….

?”�� �?€ï¿½?„?ï¿½?€ï¿½?„��, ���� � ?Ÿ??„����, �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ���?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ����� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��� �� �����, ������ �??Ž?„��� ?Œ?ƒï¿½ �?ƒ?…�?��?ƒ?„� ��� �� �����. �?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ���� ���� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���?Œ ?„�?‚ ����?‚(5) .

?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, � ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� � �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ���?‚ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚ �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�. ?— �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��, � ������?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½, � ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½, � �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����� �� �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �����?…� ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„�� �?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ���??Ž?€ï¿½?…. ?Ÿ �?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ��� �?…?„?Œ?‚ ��� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�, ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ �?€?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?…. ?Ÿ ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ����� �?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?ƒ?„��?ï¿½?‚. ?Ÿ �?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ �?€?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �����? ?„?…?†ï¿½?Œ?‚, ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚. �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ���?‚ ?ƒ?…��?…�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚. �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� � ��?…�?„�??ï¿½.

�� �����, ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�; ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ����� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€?„��?.? ?•���� �� ��� �?„����? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€?„��? ��� �?…?„? ����� � �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚ �� ��?„�����?…�� ?„� ?ƒ?…������� ��� �� ��?„��?��?…�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��������?‚ ��?����?‚(6). ?Ÿï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½?€?„���?‚ ����� ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?‡ï¿½?…� ����� ��?„���?€?„�?‚ �?€?Œ ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?„�. ?‘?…?„?Œ ���?€?Œï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… �������?…�� ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ����� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚ ��?„���?ˆï¿½?‚ ��� ��?„��?Œï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚. ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?‰?, ���� � ?Ÿ??„����, ����� ��� �?€ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… �� ��?„�?ï¿½?…�?ƒï¿½ ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½(7). ?— ��� ��� �?…?„? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?‡?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ������� �� ?„�� �?€?„��? �?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �����?Œ?‚(8) . "?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚", ����, "�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��? ?„�?‚ ��?����?‚. ?•��� ?€ï¿½?… ����� ?„� ������ ��?… ��� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ������? ?„� �����?„� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ���?€?‰ ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���?€ï¿½ï¿½ ������?‚ ����?‚. ?”�� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒ?„�?„� ��� ������� �?€?Œ ��?‚. ?•���?ƒ?„� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?„��". ?€™?ï¿½, � ��?���� ?„�?… ?€ï¿½??ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ����� ?„����?„��?. ?•���� ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?€?Œï¿½?…?„�. �� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?€??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?Œ?„� ��� ����� ������??‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?— ��?���� ����� �������?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �����?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ��?Œ?ï¿½?‰?ƒï¿½ ��� �?…?„?Œ-?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½.? ?•���� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ��?„�������� ���� ����?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ����?„�� �?€?Œ ?„� ��?Ž (�?€?Œ ?„�� ���??‰?€ï¿½ �����?). ?”�?Œ?„�, ��� ��?Ž ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?… ?Ÿ??„���� (??„�� ������?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?‚), � ��?���� ����� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½? (�� ?„�� ������ ?Œ?„� ����� ��� ?ƒ?…��?‡ï¿½?‚ �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?…������� ��?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½). ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ��� � �?‰? ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (����� �?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚). ?— ���� ?„�?…?‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ��� ���?Žï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?…?‚ ��� ?„�� ?ƒ?…��?‡? �����? ?„�?‚ ?†??ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?…?‚. ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ��� � �?‰? ����� ?„�?…?„?Œ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½??„���?‚ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½??„�?‚ ��� ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½??„���?‚ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ����� ?†ï¿½ï¿½??„�?‚.

?“�' �?…?„?Œ ��?„��?��� �� ����: ?Ÿï¿½ ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ����� �?†?��?ï¿½?‚. �?Œ?ƒï¿½ ?„� ���??„�?ï¿½. ?ˆ?„?ƒï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ����� �?…���?„���?‚! ?Ÿ �?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ��?„�?ƒ?„?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…���?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?‘�?Œï¿½ï¿½ ���??„�?ï¿½, �� ?†?„����?…�� ���??„�?ï¿½?‚! �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??Œ, ��� ����� ����?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½?‚. ?‘?…?„?Œ ?„� ���� ��?Œ?„� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ����?? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��, � ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ?€?ï¿½?Š?Œï¿½?„� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚! ?‘��� ��� �?‡ï¿½?…� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ � ��?����, � ����?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½, � ���??†ï¿½ï¿½, � ������?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½, �?„� ���� ��� � �?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚, ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � �����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � �?…?‡ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½, � �?‰?„��?Œ?„�?„�.

?•?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � �?‰?, ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� "�?‰? ��". "?–?‰? ��" ��?„� ? �� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?— �?‰? ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ, ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ, ���?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?„�). ?”�� �?€ï¿½??Ž ï¿½ï¿½ ���??ƒ?‰ ��� ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� (��?‰ �?€?Œ ����) ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ �����. ?”�� �?€ï¿½??Ž ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ��� �� ���??ƒ?‰ ��� ��� ��?Ž ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�. ?”�� ����� ?€ï¿½?„� �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?•���� ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ��?…. ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ����� � �?‰? ��?‚ ��� � �?‰? ��?‚ �?€ï¿½??„���?„�� �?€?Œ �?…?„� ?€ï¿½?… ����?…�� ��� �?€?Œ �?…?„� ?€ï¿½?… ��?‚ ?ƒ?…������?…�. �� �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� �� ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �� ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„����?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �� ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„?Œï¿½, �� ��?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

�� ���� ���?€?Œï¿½ � ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?Žï¿½; ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?ƒ?…����?„�� �� ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒ? ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?Žï¿½ ?„�?…. ?Ÿï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ����� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?”�� ��?��?…� �?ƒ?‰?‚ ?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ����� �?…?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?ƒ?…��?‡?Ž?‚, ?„�� ���� ?ƒ?„���? ?„�?‚ ??€ï¿½?ï¿½? ��?‚. ?Ÿï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ����� � ��?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?‚ ����� �� ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½. ?”�� ��?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� �?€ï¿½?Ž?‚. ?•���� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?‰??‚ ��?‚. ?Ÿ ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ��� ����� ?€ï¿½?„� ��?„������� (9) �����??„�?„�?‚ (�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚). ?”�� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ������ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ���?€ï¿½?…�� ?„�� ���??‰?€ï¿½ ��?‡?‰?ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ (?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„�� ����?„�?ƒï¿½ � Descartes). ?•���?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� �?…��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?…��?��?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?‚ ��?„�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ��� ��?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„� ?€ï¿½? ��?ï¿½ï¿½, ?„� ����?…�� ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?š?‘?™ �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��??ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?‚, ��� �� ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ��?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?…�?����?‚ ��?‚.

?Ÿ??„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?…�?„�??ï¿½, ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?„��? �?‰? ���?€?Œï¿½ �??„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„� �?‰? �� ?„�� ��������? ������. ?— ��?…�?„�??ï¿½ ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� ?„� �?‰?. ?— �?‰? ����� ��� ��������? ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?„��?. ?‘?…?„?Œ ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?„��?Œ ?„�� ��?��?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?„?ï¿½?„� ?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?….



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1. �?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ �� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?•?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?„��?, �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?€??Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€ï¿½??ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ. ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? �����?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„� ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��?„��? ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ ��� ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½ ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ���??„�?„� ?„�� ?Ÿ??„����. ?•?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?„��?: � ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � ����?„� ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?•�?€??Œ?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½: Heidegger, Gadamer, Ricoeur, �.�..

2. ?— �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?ï¿½?†? ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ï¿½ï¿½-?šï¿½ï¿½?„���?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½?„ ?ƒ?„� ��??„�?ï¿½ ��?ƒ?Œ ?„�?… 19�?… ��. ��� ?ƒ?„� ?€??Ž?„� ��?ƒ?Œ ?„�?… 20�?… ����� ?‡?Ž?ï¿½ �� ?ƒ?…�?„���� ��� �?ï¿½ �??ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚. �??Ž?„�� ?‰?‚ ��?„��?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?“�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?™ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ (��� �?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ ?ƒ?„�� Hegel) � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?ƒ?…������� �� ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?„�?‚ �����?„��??‚ ��?ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?…. ?”�??„�?ï¿½ï¿½, ��?Œ?„� � ?˜ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ (positivism) ��?‡ï¿½ ����??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� �?€?Œ??ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?„�?‚ ��?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?‚ ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?…��?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?… ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?„� ��' �?ƒï¿½?… ���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� �� �����?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚. ��� ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � Cohen �?ï¿½?„���?ï¿½ ?„�� ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?šï¿½ï¿½?„���? �?€ï¿½?ˆï¿½, ��?„� ?€ï¿½?… �� ����� �?ï¿½?Œ?„�?ï¿½ �� ?„�� ���� ��?„�?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� � Edmund Husserl. ?Ÿ ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ��� ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ������ ?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?…?‚ ������??‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?ƒï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?Ÿ Paul Natorp �?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½?���� �?…?ï¿½?‰?‚ �� ?„� �����? ������?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?„��?Žï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½. ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?ƒ?Œ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�����, �?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�� ?„�� ??€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?‚ ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���? "?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ �?…?„�? �����?…?„�?" (thing-in-itself) ?€ï¿½?ƒ?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

3. ?™ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚: ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?„���?„�� ��?„� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ �� ?„� ��?…. �� ��?„�������� ?„�?… ��?‰?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… ��� ����� �����??„�?„� �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?„?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?… ���� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?…?ƒ?‡ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?‚ ���?„���?‚ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?— ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„�� ��?„��������?…�� ��?„����?ï¿½?†?„���� ?„�?‚ ���?„�?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ��?…. �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚: ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?„�?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ (?ƒ?„�� ���?„����?Œ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ, ����?„�) ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����?‚ ?Œ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?Œ?„�? � ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„� ����� ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ (����??‰ï¿½)? ��?Œ?‚ ? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?ƒ?Œ?„�??‰ï¿½ ��?Žï¿½. �?€ï¿½?: ����� ��?���� ?Œ?„� �?‡ï¿½?…�� ?€??Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒ?‰ ?„�?… ��?…. ?šï¿½?„�: � ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��� �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½??��?„� ?Œ?„� � ������?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�.

4. ?Ÿ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚: � ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ (� �����?) ����� ?„� �??ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ ?€??Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½?‚ ? ����� � �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½?‚ �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…�� (?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„�?…?‚ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?… ����?…� ?„�?‚ ��?ƒï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚). ?•�?€??Œ?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ??„�� �� Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz. ?•�?€??Œ?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?’?ï¿½?„�����? ?•�?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? �� Locke, Berkeley, Hume. ?Ÿ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ��� ������ ��� ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½? ��?ƒï¿½. ?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, ?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?Ž?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ � ������ "?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚" ����� ���?.

5. ?— ����?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, � ��������?, � �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?, ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� � �?„����? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�. ?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„� ����� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„���?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚.

6. ���?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œ?‚ ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚.

7. "Every life is a point of view directed upon the universe".

8. ?˜ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„�?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ���� �?€ï¿½?ˆï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??„� ����� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��� ���??Œ ?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„� ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½. ?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���� �� ���?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� ?„���?ƒï¿½?Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½??„���?…� ?„�� ?ƒ?…�����? ���?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚.

9. ?Ÿï¿½?„������: ?— ����?„� �?…?„�? ?€ï¿½?… ����� (?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½) ��� ?„�?… �� ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„� ? ?Œ?‡ï¿½. ?— ����?„� ?„�?‚ ?†??ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?Œï¿½?„�?‚, ?„�?‚ ??€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ? ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚ �?…?„??‚ ����?…?„??‚. �?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?„���?„�� �� ��� �����?Ž?‚ ���?‡?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �??ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�? ��?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?.



! ?— ?“�?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?… ����� ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…��?‚ ?ˆ?…?‡ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?…����?‚.