www.Ideotopos.gr


O www.Ideotopos.gr ���?‚ ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?‚ ���?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �������?ƒï¿½?‚ ���?Žï¿½, ����� �?„����?‚ �� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ƒï¿½?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ������� ?€ï¿½?… �� ��?„���?ƒï¿½?„�. ?— ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?ƒ?„?Œ?„�?€ï¿½?… ?†?ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ��� ?„�� �?…?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œï¿½ï¿½?… ?ƒ?„� ������� ���� ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ? ?„?‰ï¿½ �����?„?Žï¿½. �� ������� ��� �� �?€?Œ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��?��?…� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„�??‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ��?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…� ��� ��� ��?„������?ï¿½ ��?„' ������ ��� �?…?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ���?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚.

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?”������?…�� ?ƒ?„�� ?‘�i� ?“?ï¿½?†? ��� ?ƒ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ ?„� ��??‚:

�. �?šï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ���?Žï¿½ï¿½ ��?Œ?„� �����?ƒ?ƒï¿½ ��� (?„�� ?„?ï¿½?†?) ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (?ƒ?„� ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½) ����� �����??„�?‚ ��?‚ �?ƒï¿½?‚.� (�?›ï¿½?…�?„��?Œï¿½ï¿½, 11:6).

�. �?”����?…?ï¿½?���� (� ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚) �?€?Œ ��??Œ ?‡?…�?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ��?„��? ?„�?‚ ?ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…??Žï¿½.� [?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��??ï¿½ 86:6-7 (3)].

�?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� �?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ������?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?Œ?„� ?„� ������ �?€?Œ ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ � (�����??‚�) �?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?˜ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½. �?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ��� �� �?…� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ��������?‚, �?†ï¿½? �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ����? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������� �����?Œ?„� �?€?Œ ?„� ?–?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„�� ?•��??…������ ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½.

?Ÿ ���?Œ?‚ ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„� ��� ����� ��??…��?ƒ?„��?Œ, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„�� ?‘��� ?“?ï¿½?†?, �??„� ?„� ���?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ��?€ï¿½?… ��?„��? ?„�?‚ ?ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…??Žï¿½ (��?†?ï¿½;), ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ���� �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ?Œ??‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (4). ?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?Žï¿½?„�?‚, ��� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?‰?„�??‰, ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?Œ?„� �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?ƒ?…�������?…� �??„� �� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„���������?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?•�?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ��� � ?˜ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?‘�?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?— ?€??Ž?„� ?…?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ��?ƒï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?Ž ï¿½ ��??„�?ï¿½ ���� ?€?‰?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ ����� ?Œ,?„� ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� �����?Œ?„�.


���?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ (?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ + ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½) ����� �?…?„?Œ?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ���?€ï¿½ ?„� ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½, ?„� ��?Ž?ƒï¿½. �??Ž?„�?‚ ?‡?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„� ���� � �?…���?Œ?ï¿½?‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?…?„��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚, �����? �?ï¿½?ƒ?„??‚ ?„�?‚ ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½?†?Œ?‚. (�?„�� ���?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?— ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?†ï¿½?� ?– 16�?‚ ��?Žï¿½ï¿½?‚.)

?— ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ����?���� ?‰?‚ ������, ?Œ?„�� ��?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„?���� ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?…���?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. �?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��? ?„�?‚ ��?†?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ������ ��� ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ��?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚, ?Œ?„�� �� ?…?€ï¿½??†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‰?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„??Œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?„��� ��������?„� ���??‰?€ï¿½, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡?„���� ���?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� �����?Œ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��

H �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„��? ���?Ž?ƒï¿½

?•�?Ž ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ��� � ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� (����?ï¿½) ?œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��� ��� ?ƒ?…�������� �� ?„�?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„���������?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ����� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?. �?‰?ƒ?„�, ?„� ���� ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ����� ?Œ?„� � ������?„��? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��������? ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? (?Ÿ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?), �� ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ ?ƒ?„� �?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½. ?Œ?„�� �����? ��� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� ?„� ��?„��������� � ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?‰?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ ��� �� ?„� ?„� ��?„��������� � �����? ?‰?‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½, ����� �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚ ?„� ?„� ����� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…�� ��?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„��? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ (5).

?œï¿½ï¿½ ���? �?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?ƒ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Œ, �� ??„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ � ��?Œï¿½ï¿½?…��: ?‘�?„�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„�?…?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?…?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘��� ?“?ï¿½?†? ��� ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?‘?Šï¿½?ƒ?„��� (�?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����� ���?€ï¿½?ï¿½, ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ����� ?„?…?†ï¿½?�), ��� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ��� ��?„� ?„�� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½?‚ � �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?… ?‘?Šï¿½?ƒ?„���, ���?‰?‚ ?„� ?€??Ž?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ ? ?Œ?‡ï¿½. ?œ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ? ?‰?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?„��? ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚; ?œ??€?‰?‚ ��?„� ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ˆ? ?ƒï¿½?‚ � ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��������?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?…��?€?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ?€??Ž?„� ?„� ��??„�?ï¿½; ��?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?„� ?Œ?„� �� ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ 1 ����� ������ �� ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…� ?„�?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„�� ?„� ����?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?˜ï¿½ï¿½?;


�?šï¿½ï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ � ?Œ?†ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„�� �?…����� ?„?‰ ?Œï¿½?„� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ �? ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� �?€?Œ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„?Œ?‚ ����?ï¿½?… ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…. ?šï¿½ï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ � �?…�? ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„�� ?Œ?†ï¿½ï¿½?…�.

�?„� ?’���� (�?“���?ƒï¿½?‚�, 3:1-5) ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�, ?€ï¿½?… ��?„�?ƒ?„?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€ï¿½???‰?‚ ?„� �����?: � ?ƒ?…������� ���?‚ �?…�����?‚ (?•?ï¿½?‚) �� ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ -?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰?„���- ����� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� ��� ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�����? ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ���?„� �?€?Œ ?„� ?ƒ?…������� �?…?„? ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?ˆï¿½ ?„� ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½?„�?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ���??„���, � ?€?„?Ž?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ���??Ž?€ï¿½?… �?€?Œ ?„�� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½, � ���?…?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ���?… ?„�?… ?˜ï¿½ï¿½? ?ƒ?„� ?“�, � ?ƒ?„�???‰?ƒï¿½, � ���?ƒ?„�?ƒï¿½ �.?„.�.. ?‘��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?‘��� ?“?ï¿½?†?, ���� ��� ?ƒ?„� ��?ï¿½ ������� ?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½

?— ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„�?ƒ?„?ï¿½?„�?ï¿½?„�� ?„� ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?

��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ 2�

�� ����?„�� ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ �� ?„� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‡?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��������?Žï¿½ �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Žï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚; ?”������?…�� �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�� ?‘�i� ?“?ï¿½?†? ��� ?ƒ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½ ?„� ��?Œï¿½ï¿½?…��:

�. ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Œï¿½ � �������?‚ ��?‚ ?Œ?ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ?…?ˆï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ ��� �����?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… �?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?… ��� ?„�� �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Žï¿½.� (�?šï¿½?„� ?œï¿½?„������, 4:8).

�. �� ?œï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„, ?€ï¿½?‚ (?ƒï¿½ �?…?„�??‚): ?“?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘���?‡ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„��?”?… � ���??‰?€ï¿½. ?Œ,?„� ���?Œ ?ƒï¿½?… ?ƒ?…���� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘���?‡. ?šï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ,?„� ���?Œ ?ƒï¿½?… ?ƒ?…���� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ �?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ����.� (?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��??ï¿½ 4:78-79).

?žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� �?…� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ������?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ��?„�?ƒ?„��?‡ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?Œ?„� ?„� ������, �?€?Œ ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ � (�����??‚�) �?›?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?˜ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½. �?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ��� �� �?…� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ���?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚. ?“�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?ƒï¿½ ?ˆï¿½ï¿½?Œ �� �� ����� ?„� ?Œ?ï¿½?‚, ����� ������ ��?ï¿½ï¿½?„� �� ��� �����?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„������?„?ï¿½ï¿½?Œ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ (?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½??‚) ?“�?‚. ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½, ?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��� �� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ �� ?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�� ?„�� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?‰?‚ ��??‚: ?Ÿ �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ��� ����� ��?„?’ ������ ��?„���?„�?‚ ?ƒ?„� ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, �� ��?‡?„�� �����?‚ ?Œ?„� � ?“� ����� �?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?), �����?Œ?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„� ����� ?ƒ?…���?„?Œ ��� �� ?„�?‚ ��?„��??ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?„?Œ?„� �?€ï¿½?‡??‚, �.�?€.. (?’�. ?“�?„??„?‰ � ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?„� ?“���?Žï¿½?”: ?— ��?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?„�?‚ ?“�?‚ ?ƒ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒ?„����?ƒï¿½?Œ). ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ �� �� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?…�� ?Œ?„� � ?“� ����� �?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� ��� �?…?„?Œ �?ƒ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ �?€?Œ ?„� �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„���?„�?‚ ?ƒ?„� ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? (6), �?…?ƒ?„?…?‡?Ž?‚ ��� ?„�?…?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ � �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ��� �� �?€ï¿½?†ï¿½?…�� ?„� �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?��?ï¿½ ��?„��?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?Œ?‚.

�?„�� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ?„�?… ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… �?‡ï¿½?…�� ����?ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��?Œ?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?‚ ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚. �?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?„�?… ??Œï¿½ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ?‘?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?„�?…, ?€ï¿½?… ���� ?Œ?„� (�?Œï¿½ï¿½) ��� �?€?Œ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ P ? -P (=� �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ P) �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ����� ����??‚ (7).


O ����?‚ ?˜?‰ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?‘����?„�?‚ ?…?€ï¿½?„�?ƒ?ƒï¿½ ?„�� ?Ÿ?ï¿½?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�. ?Œ?„�� � ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ��?„������?‚, ?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?–?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…- �� ?…?€ï¿½?„�?ƒ?ƒï¿½?„�� ?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„� ?‡?ï¿½?ƒ?„������ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�. ?œï¿½ �?…?„?Œ ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?€?„��?Œ ?ƒ?„� ������ ?„�?… ?“Summa Theologiae?” (�??ƒ?„��� ��������?‚) �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?‡ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���.

�?„�� ?“?˜?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?˜?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?‘����?„�?” (Benozzo Gozzoli, 1471, ?œï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?›ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½?…) ��������?„�� � ����?‚ ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ �?ï¿½ �����?‚ ��??†ï¿½?‚, ?€ï¿½?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?„���?…� ?„�� ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„��� ��� ?„�� ���?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½, ��?Ž ?ƒ?„� ?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ����� ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ � ?‘��???Œï¿½?‚ (?™?ƒ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… 12�?… ��?Žï¿½ï¿½). �?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ��?ï¿½?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� � ?“��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ �������?‚ ��??†ï¿½?‚ �???‰ ?„�?…

�?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�������?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?, ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?Œ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„�� ??Œï¿½ï¿½ ?‘?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?„�?…, �?†ï¿½? �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � = �?„� ?†?‰?„?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„���� ��� -� = �?„� ?†?‰?„?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½ï¿½ (?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?ƒ?‰ï¿½ï¿½?„����)� ?‰?‚ ������?‚, �.�?€.. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ �?…?„?Œ ��� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ��� ?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ��?†?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚ �?‡ï¿½?…� ?„�?„��� ������??†ï¿½ï¿½. ?— ?…?€?Œ ����?…?ƒï¿½ ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… Q = �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘���?‡ï¿½ (?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ��� ?„?‰ï¿½ ����?Žï¿½ï¿½) ��� ����� ?„�?„���?‚ ������??†ï¿½ï¿½?‚, �?†ï¿½? ����� ��?ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… (�� �����?‰???ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…) �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?… ?‘���?‡ (�?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„? ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½), ?Œ?„� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ �?…?„?Œï¿½. ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‰?‚, � -Q = �?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘���?‡ï¿½ (�����? ���?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘���?‡) ��� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ �� ����� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?”�� ����� �����? � ?‘���?‡ ?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?„� ?†?‰?„?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?„�?‡??Œï¿½?‰?‚ �?…� ���?Œ?„�?„�?‚ (���� ��� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ, ?€ï¿½?… �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½?„�� �����?Ž?ï¿½?ƒï¿½), ���� ����� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� (�� �����?‰???ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½) �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ ��� �� ��� ���?Œ?„�?„� (�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„??‚ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½), � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ? ?„�?‚. �� ?€??Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ����� ?Œ?„�, ?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ, ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½?„�� ��� ?„�� �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ Q.

?Œ?€?‰?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…���?‰?‚, ��� ���� ���? �?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„?Œ �� ??„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œï¿½ � ��?Œï¿½ï¿½?…��: ?Ÿ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½?‚ �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� 17� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ��?‡ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ��??‚: �?•���� ��?���� ?Œ?„� ���� ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ���??Ž?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?… ?ƒ?„�� ���?Š?ƒï¿½?Œ, ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ � ��?‚ ����?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ��?… ?„?‰ï¿½ ���??Ž?€?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. (8)

?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ?…?€?’ ?Œ?ˆï¿½ ?Œ?„� � ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �?€ï¿½?„���� ���?€?Œ?ƒ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„� �����?„� ?„�?‚ ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ��?„�?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„�?…?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½?…?‚ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ 2 (�?€?Œ ?„�� ?‘��� ?“?ï¿½?†? ��� ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½) �� ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„� ��� ��?„� ?„�� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½?‚ � �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„�?… �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?ƒï¿½ ? ?Œ?‡ï¿½. ?œ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ? ?‰?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?„��? ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚; ?œ??€?‰?‚ ��?„� ?„�� �?€ï¿½?ˆ? ?ƒï¿½?‚ � ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?…��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ��������?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� ?ƒ?…��?€?Ž?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ?€??Ž?„� ?„�� ��??„�?ï¿½; ��?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?„�, ��?„� ?„�� ��?Žï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒï¿½?‚, ?Œ?„� �� ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ 2 ����� ������ �� ���?‡?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½?…�, ?„�?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„��, ?„� ����?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?˜ï¿½ï¿½?;

* * *

?œï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ˆï¿½?…��-?…?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„�?‚ �?��� ���?Ž?ƒï¿½?‚� ?€ï¿½?… � ?„���?…?„��� ��?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½, ����� � ?€ï¿½??Œ?„??…�?ƒï¿½ ? � �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?Œ �� ����?…� �� ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„����?„�� ? ���?„�� ������?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �.�?€.. ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ��� ?„�?„��� ��?„���?„?Ž?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ (������?‚) ����� �� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? �� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������? ��� ��?„�-�?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?, �?†ï¿½? ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ��?„��?Œï¿½?ƒï¿½ ��� ��?„��?ï¿½?†? ?„?‰ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½?ˆ??†ï¿½?‰ï¿½ ��?‰?ƒ?„��?Žï¿½ �����?Œ?„?‰ï¿½, �������?„?‰ï¿½, �.�?€., ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ��� ��?„���������? ��?„���?„?Ž?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�� � ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ��� � ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?. ?Ÿ?€?Œ?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� (��� ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?) ��� ?ƒ?…�������?…� ��� ?‰?‚ ������?‚.

�?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?ƒ?Œ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?ƒ?„� �� ������?ï¿½ï¿½? ��?„��?Œï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�?‡?‰ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�?ï¿½?…� ?Œ?„� �� ?ƒ?„�?‡ï¿½ï¿½, ����?‡ï¿½?‚, �.�?€., �?€?Œ ?„� ?’���� ? ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?„���?ï¿½ �����?Œ?„� ��� ����? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… �?…?ƒ?„?…?‡?Ž?‚ ��?’ �?…?„�??‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ���� ���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ����? ��?Ž?ƒï¿½ �?€ï¿½?„���?ï¿½, �?†ï¿½? ��?„�?„����?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ����? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������� �����?Œ?„� ? ������??‚ ���?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?•���� �����? ��� de facto � �?ƒ?…���?„?Œ?„�?„� ?„�?‚ ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ?„�� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ��� ?„� ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?.


?œ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚ ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��� ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?…?‚ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �� ��� ��?„�?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„�?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½???‰?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?„��� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚, ?„� �?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?ƒ?‰ ?„�?…?‚ ��� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� ��?„�?†?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½?Œ, ���� �� ?„� �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ �����?„� ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?„�?…?‚. ?Ÿ ?™?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ï¿½??„?‰ï¿½, ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��?‡ï¿½ ���?„?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ?‘�������?Œ?‚ ?ƒ?„� ?ƒ?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€?ï¿½?„� �� ??„�� �� ?€ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½?‰?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚. ?‘?…?„?Œ ?€ï¿½?… ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ �?…?„?Œï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, �?…?„?Œ ?€ï¿½?… ������ ��� ������ ��� ����� ?„� ?€?Ž?‚ ��?„�������?Œ?„�� ?„� ?˜ï¿½?Œ, ?€?Ž?‚ ����� ?„� ���?„?���, ��� �� ?„�� ��?„?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½ �.?„.�, ���� � ���?„??€?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?˜ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ����?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?„� ?…?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?€ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?Œ ?„�?… �?ï¿½ï¿½
?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„� �?��� ?ƒ?…���?„?Œ?„�?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚, �����?Œ?„�?ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?Œ?„� ?„� ?ƒ?‡?�� �?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?– ����?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ (�?€?Œ ?„�?…?‚ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ��� �?Œï¿½ï¿½) �?€ï¿½?„���� ��� ��?ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ ?ƒ?‡?��, ��� ��?Ž ï¿½?‡ï¿½?…�� ?„?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½?‚ ?ƒ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚ ���?Œï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½??‚ ��?Ž?ƒï¿½?‚, ?„�?‚ �??‡ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ���?€ï¿½?…� ?„� �?ï¿½ ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?‰?‚ ?€?ï¿½?‚ ?„� ?ƒ?…�����?ƒ?„��? ��� ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„������, ?„�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„���������?‚ ����??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ �.�?€., �����?Œ?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ����� ?„� �?…� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„��?Ž?‚ �?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�.

?œï¿½ ?„?Œ?„� ?€?Ž?‚ �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� ����??ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� �����?Œ?‚ ?Œ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½?Œ?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€??ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����� �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½; ?œï¿½ ?„� �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ �����?Œ?‚ ?Œ?„� �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒ?ƒ?Œ?„�?ï¿½ï¿½ �?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?…?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚, ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� �������?ï¿½?…�/���?‡?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…� ?„� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ (?€?ï¿½?ƒ?‰?€ï¿½ï¿½?Œ) ��/�?€?Œ ?„�� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ?„�?…?‚ (�?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ), �����?Œ?‚ ?€ï¿½?… ���?ƒ?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‚ ?Œ?„� � ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� � ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� ��� ����� ?ƒ?…���?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

?Œ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ �?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„?Ž?ï¿½ ��� �����?Œ?„�?„�, ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��?Œï¿½?‰ï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… �������?ï¿½?…� ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��, �?…?„�� ������?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �?†ï¿½? ?…?€ï¿½?€ï¿½?€?„�?…� ?ƒ?…�?�?‰?‚, ?‡?‰?ï¿½?‚ �� ?„� ��?„���������?„��, ?ƒï¿½ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ������ ? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��������� ?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�. (9)

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(1) �Science and Religion�, A. Einstein, in Science, Philosophy and Religion, A Symposium (The Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc., New York, 1941).

(2) B. Russell, Religion and Science, ?šï¿½?†.1, Oxford Univ. Press, 1997. ?”�?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ P. Kurtz?’s Science and Religion, ?šï¿½?†.3, Prometheus Books, 2003. �� ?€??Ž?„� �?€ï¿½?„���� ��� ���?ƒ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?, ���� ��� �?…�����?‰?ƒ?„�, ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚, ��� ?„� ��??„�?ï¿½ ����� ��� ����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?…����? �?ï¿½??‰ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?€?Žï¿½?…��?…?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����?‚ ��� ?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒ?Œ?†ï¿½?…?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �� ?ƒ?…���?„?Œ?„�?„�?‚ ?˜?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?��?‚.

(3) ?Ÿ ��?„�?†?ï¿½?ƒ?„??‚ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ���?„?ï¿½ ��� �?…�����, ��?Ž ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����?„�?„�?‚ ���� ���?„?ï¿½?‚�. �� ���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?‰?ƒï¿½ � �?ï¿½?„��? �������?…��� �� ?ƒ?„����, �?†ï¿½? ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� � �?…����� ?€?ï¿½?ƒ?„���� ?ƒ?„�� ���?Œï¿½ï¿½, ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� ����, �?†ï¿½? ������ ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ��� ����?„�� ?ƒ?„� ?‰ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?ƒ?…���?ƒ?†ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?… ?ƒ?„� �����?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ���??ï¿½?…, �.�?€..

(4) �����?„�� ��?Ž ?Œ?„� �� ?œï¿½?…?ƒï¿½?…������ �?‡ï¿½?…� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ���� ���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?’�������?‚, �� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���??‚ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ?ˆï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?™?€?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�?‚ ��� � ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���?‚ (?„�?…?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ ������ �� ��?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ��?„��?ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½). [?’�. Hippocratic Writings, p.317-320, ed. G.E.R. Lloyd, (transl. J. Chadwick), 1983) ��� Aristotle, Generation of Animals, 717b (transl. A.L. Peck, 1953).]

(5) ?•�?ƒï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?„??€ï¿½?…: �?Ÿ � ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ?„� � ����� �����?‚, �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ?„� �?€ï¿½?„�?ƒ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ (?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?˜ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?˜ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?•?€ï¿½?„��??‚) �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?„� �?ï¿½ï¿½??„�?„� �?ï¿½?„��? ?„�?… ���?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½ (�?•?…�??†??‰ï¿½ï¿½, ��. �?ï¿½?ƒ?„�����?Œ?‚ ��?Œ?‚: ?œï¿½ï¿½ ?ˆï¿½?…��?€ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? �������?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½).

(6) ?€™ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���� �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?‘��� ?“?ï¿½?†? ?…?€ï¿½??‡ï¿½?…� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½. ?“�� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½: �?•�?€ï¿½ ?„�?‚ �?…?„?Žï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?†??„�?‚ ����?‚ �?…?„?Žï¿½ �� ?š???„�?‚ ����� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?„� ?ˆï¿½??ƒ?„��?… ?— ��??„?…?ï¿½ï¿½ �??„� ����� ������?�. (?•?€ï¿½?ƒ?„��? ?€?ï¿½?‚ ��?„��, 1:12-13). �?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚, � ?ƒ?…��?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ (� �?€™ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?‚), ��?…��?„�� �� �����?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?Œ?„� ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€ï¿½?„���� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ?„�?… ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?†ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ?„�?… ��??„� (?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ � ?š?ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚, 6�?‚ ��. ?€.�.), ��� ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½ ������ ���?€ï¿½?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½?ƒ?„� (�����? �??„� ����?, �??„� ?ˆï¿½?…�?).

?“�� �� ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚, ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ����� ��?ï¿½ï¿½?Ž?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ����� �?€ï¿½?Ž?‚ ��� �����?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½. ?šï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½??ƒï¿½ �� ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½, �?†ï¿½? ?€?Ž?‚ ����� �?…��?„?Œï¿½ �� ��?„����� ��?Œ?‚ ?„?Œ?€ï¿½?… �� ����� ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ��� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�, ?ˆï¿½??„�?‚. ?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, �� ��� ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ ?ƒ?…�?�?‰?‚ �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒ?„�� ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?ˆï¿½??„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½??‡ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œ ?„�� ?•?…��?…���� ?„� ?œï¿½ï¿½??ƒï¿½ï¿½, ?„�� 4� ��. ?€.�. ?Ÿ ?„���?…?„���?‚ ��?€ï¿½: �?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���??‰?€ï¿½?‚ ���� ?Œ?„� ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„��. ?•���� �?…?„?Œ ?€ï¿½?… ���� �����?‚ ? ?ˆï¿½?…��?‚;� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½?†?„�� �����?‚, ?Œ?„� � �?€?ï¿½?†??„�?‚� ?€ï¿½?… ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ � ��?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����� � ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����� ��� ?š?ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚, ?„?Œ?„� �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �� ������ �����?‚ �?€?Œ ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„?‰ �?€ï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ���?‚:

(�) ?Ÿ ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���� ?Œ?„� �� ?š?ï¿½?„���� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��

(�) ?Ÿ ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ����� ?š?ï¿½?„��?Œ?‚

(�) ?€™?ï¿½ � ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„��

(�) ?€™?ï¿½ � ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���� ?Œ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„� ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„��.

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(�) ?€™?ï¿½ � ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ���� ?Œ?„� ?ˆï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?„��.

�� ?„���?…?„��� ?ƒ?…�?€ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½, �� ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ �����?‚ �?€?Œ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?…, ����� ?ƒ?„�� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?•?…��?…����. ?Ÿ?€?Œ?„�, ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� �� �����?‚ �����?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ?„�� ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ��?ï¿½ï¿½?… [?€ï¿½?… ����� � (�)] ?‰?‚ �� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �����?„�� �� ?„�??„��?‚ �?€?Œ �?…?„?� ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€??Œ?„�?ƒï¿½ [?€ï¿½?… ����� � (�)].

(7) ?Ÿ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?…?„?Œ?‚, ���?Ž?‚ ��� ����� ��?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚ (?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ??Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?‘�?„�?†ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ��� � ??Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ��?…?„?Œ?„�?„�?‚), ���?„?…?€?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �??‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„�� ������?‰?„? ?„�?‚ ?ƒ?ï¿½?‡?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?›ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½??‚, ?„�� ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„��� (Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book ?“, 7, p.107, (transl. H. L.Tancred), 1998. ?’�. ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„����� �����?…?ƒï¿½: ?— �?ƒ?†ï¿½ï¿½??‚ ������?‚ ?€?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Œ?„�?„�?‚.) ?Ÿï¿½ �?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„�� �?‡ï¿½?…� ��� ��?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?…�����?‚. ?”�� ����� �����? �?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��. ?Ÿ ����?‚ � ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„�?„���?‚ ��?‡ï¿½ ?�� �����?‰?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ��?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?…�����?‚, ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ??Œï¿½ï¿½?… ?„�?‚ ?‘?€?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?„�?… ?ƒï¿½ ?ƒ?‡ï¿½?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� ?€?Ž?‚ �?…?„?Œ?‚ �?†ï¿½?ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… �?†ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„� ������, �.�?€., ?ƒ?„� ������ ?„�?… �?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (���?ï¿½ ?•?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚�, ��?†. 9). ?Ÿ �?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ ����� ?ƒï¿½ ?€ï¿½??ï¿½ �?ƒ?‡? ?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ?€ï¿½?… ���?†ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?šï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?†ï¿½?ï¿½?Œï¿½ï¿½?„�� �?€?Œï¿½?…?„� ?ƒï¿½ �?…?„?Œ, �?€?Œ?„� �� ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€?ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?…?€?Œ ����?…?ƒï¿½, ?€ï¿½?… �?†ï¿½?ï¿½?ï¿½ ?ƒ?„�� ?‘���?‡, �?†ï¿½? �??‡ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?ƒï¿½ ��?„���?ƒï¿½ �� ?„� �?Œï¿½ï¿½, ����� �?€ï¿½??ï¿½?€?„��?‚.

(8) �?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ ?œ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �� ?”������, ���?ï¿½ ?‘��?Š?ƒï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½, 1601.

(9) ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?‰?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… ���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?… ����?„�?ƒ?„?, ��� ��?„� ?„?’ ���� ?€ï¿½ï¿½? ����? �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?����, F. Collins, ?€ï¿½?… ��?„� ?„�� ���?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���?‚ ?ƒ?…�??„�?ƒï¿½?‚ (debate, ?€ï¿½?… �?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€?Œ ?„� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Œ Times) ?„� 2006 �� ���� ����� ���?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����?Œï¿½ï¿½, ?„�� R. Dawkins, ��?€ï¿½ ��� ?„� ��??‚: �?Ÿ ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ��?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?†??ƒï¿½, ��� ?ƒ?…��?€?Ž?‚ ��?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?„� ?‡?Ž?ï¿½?… ?Ÿ ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� � �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ ?ƒï¿½ ?Œï¿½ï¿½?‚ ������?‚ ?„�?‚ �??‰?„??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?„�?… ?„??€ï¿½?… ?“?€?Ž?‚ ��� �?„?ƒï¿½ �����;?”� (?•����� ��?Ž ï¿½??‰?„??ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?€ï¿½?… � E?€ï¿½?ƒ?„?�� �?…?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?„�� �� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„??ƒï¿½ï¿½, ?Œ?€?‰?‚: ���?„� � ��??…?„��? ?ƒ?„���?ï¿½ ����� ?Œ?ƒï¿½ �����; �?Ž?‚ �����?…?ï¿½?���� � �?‰?, ��� ���?„� �?„?ƒï¿½; �.�?€.).

?‘?…?„?Œ ?€ï¿½?… ��� ��?‚ ��?€ï¿½ ?Œï¿½?‰?‚ � Collins ����� ?€?Ž?‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ � ����?‚ ?Œï¿½ï¿½ �?…?„� ?€ï¿½?… �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��. ?Œ?„� �����? � ?˜ï¿½?Œ?‚, ��� ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, ����� ���?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?‡?Ž?ï¿½ ��� ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½. ?•�?„?Œ?‚ ?„�?… ?Œ?„� ?ƒï¿½ï¿½ ���??‰?€ï¿½ï¿½ ��� �?‡ï¿½?…�� ������ ��?‰?ƒ?„��? ��?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ��?„� ��?‰ �?€?Œ ?„� ?‡??Œï¿½ï¿½ ��� ?‡?Ž?ï¿½, �.�?€., ��� �?€ï¿½ï¿½?„��?„�� �?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚ �?€?Œ ?„�� Collins �� ����� ?„�?…��?‡ï¿½?ƒ?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?„���?Ž?ƒ?„�?‚, ?Œ?„�� ����� ?ƒ?…����?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?‚ �?ƒ?‡?…?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½??‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†??ƒï¿½?‰?‚ ?„�?… ?˜ï¿½ï¿½?;

?•?€ï¿½?ƒï¿½?‚, ��?€ï¿½ ��� ?„� ��??‚: �?Ÿ?€?Œ?„�, ?„� �?ž?…?ï¿½?†ï¿½ ?„�?… ?Œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (Occam?’s Razor ?– ?‘??‡? ?„�?‚ ?‘?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒ?„�?ï¿½?‚ ?•�?��?ƒï¿½?‚) �� ?‰ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�??‰ ?ƒ?„�� ?˜ï¿½?Œ (?‰?‚ ��?��?ƒï¿½ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚) ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?…?ƒ?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�, ?€ï¿½?… �?€ï¿½?„���?ï¿½ ?„��?„?‰ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?‚ ?†ï¿½ï¿½?„�?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚�. ?‘� ����� �?…��?„?Œï¿½?…! ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?? ��?„�?‡?ï¿½?ƒï¿½ ?„�?‚ �??‡??‚ ��?Ž ï¿½?€?Œ ?„�� Collins. ?•�?„?Œ?‚ ?„�?… ?Œ?„� � ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„�?… ?”����?…?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½? (�� ?„�� ?˜ï¿½?Œ ?‰?‚ ?…?€?Œï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½) ��� �� �?€?ï¿½?€ï¿½ �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?„�� ��� ?‰?‚ ��?„��?‰ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ��?��?ƒï¿½?‚ ?„�?… �?ï¿½?€ï¿½ï¿½?„�?‚, ��?Œï¿½ï¿½ �� �� ��?‰?ï¿½?ï¿½?„��, ?ƒï¿½ ������ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½?€?„?‰?ƒï¿½ ��� ����� ?„�?‚ ����?‚ �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„�������?‚ ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ˆï¿½ï¿½?‚ (��� ����� ��� �??„� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ï¿½?„�� ?€ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���) ?Œ?€?‰?‚ � ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„���?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½? ? � ?˜ï¿½?‰?ï¿½ï¿½ ?„?‰ï¿½ ��?ï¿½?Žï¿½/?œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½?Žï¿½ (�����??„�?„� �� �� ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ �?…?„�?‚ �?‡ï¿½?…� ��� ?„� ?€?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��?„� ?„�?…?‚). ?šï¿½ï¿½ �??„� � ?”����?…?ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½?Œ?‚ ����� ���?Œ?„�?ï¿½?‚, � �?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒ?„�?ï¿½?‚, ?…?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ƒï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��?��?ƒï¿½?‚.

?— ?ƒ?ï¿½ï¿½?ï¿½?ƒï¿½, ?ƒ?ï¿½?†?‰ï¿½ï¿½ �� ?„�� �??‡?, ����?„�� ��?„��? �����?Žï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?„� ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����� � �?€ï¿½ï¿½??ƒ?„�?ï¿½, ��� ?Œ?‡ï¿½ ��?„��? ���?‚ ?€ï¿½?ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ��� ��?„��?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������??‚ ��?‰?ï¿½ï¿½?‚ (�?ƒ?„?‰ ��� �?€ï¿½??‚, ?€ï¿½?… ��� �����) ��� �?€ï¿½?ƒ?„������?Žï¿½, �����?Žï¿½ ��?‰?ï¿½?Žï¿½, ?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �?€ï¿½?„���?ƒï¿½ï¿½?„� ?„?‰ï¿½ �?€ï¿½ï¿½?‰ï¿½ �?‡ï¿½?…� ?�� �?€ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?…?„��.




! ?Ÿ ?œï¿½?‡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?‚ ?‘?ï¿½?ƒ?„����?… ����� ?•?€ï¿½ï¿½. ?šï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„??‚, ��?�� ?œï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?„��?Žï¿½ ?ƒ?„� Barry University, Miami Shores, ��?Œ?ï¿½ï¿½?„�, ?—.�.?‘. �� ������� �?‡ï¿½ï¿½ ���??„���� ?ƒ?„� comte de toulouse